内源呼吸过程溶解性代谢产物的光谱特性分析

微生物内源呼吸期对污水处理过程具有重要意义.为了更清晰地了解微生物内源呼吸过程,采用三维荧光光谱、紫外光谱结合呼吸图谱对微生物内源呼吸过程进行解析.结果表明,三维荧光光谱和紫外光谱在内源呼吸各个阶段有明显的不同:1内源呼吸快速下降期(第1 d):腐殖酸峰的激发波长(Ex)和发射波长(Em)分别出现5 nm、6 nm的蓝移,荧光指数f450/500和HIX(humification index)分别减小了9.3%、0.2%,UV253/203和UV254分别增加了37.5%、200%,预示着混合液中可生物降解有机物的存在;2内源呼吸慢速下降期(第2 d):f450/500增加了0.5%,HIX减小0.2%,UV253/203减小了20%,UV254增加了16.7%,预示着细胞可能出现了水解或自溶;3内源呼吸稳定期(第3~5 d):腐殖酸峰基本保持不变预示了微生物适应了饥饿环境.本研究从代谢产物的角度解析了内源呼吸过程,为污水处理过程控制提供了新的思路.     

复杂地形大气污染扩散模式选用研究

在大气环境影响评价中,大气扩散和大气湍流受地形因素的影响较大。在以往的大气环境影响评价中,往往只利用现有的理论模型把实际的情况理想化,公式化导致预测的结果和实际情况有较大偏差。地形越简单,偏差越小;地形越复杂,偏差越大。针对以上情况,从相关的模型入手,主要探讨复杂地形条件下,污染物在大气中的扩散,从而研究复杂地形因素在大气环境影响评价等级判定中的应用。通过分析扩散模型的原理及参数、大气稳定度、扩散参数、复杂地形的处理和建筑物下洗等,得出2008版大气技术导则在原理和技术上,比1993版的大气技术导则的先进性、优越性及在今后环境影响评价工作中应注意的细节。本研究的成果对大气环境影响评价工作将起到极大的促进作用。     

复极性三维电极法处理硝基苯废水的实验研究

以铁板为阴极，石墨为阳极，吸附饱和的活性炭粒子为填充材料，研究了复极性三维电极法处理硝基苯废水时各因素对处理效率的影响。通过单因素实验确定了复极性三维电极法处理硝基苯废水的最佳操作条件为：电解电压20V，反应时间60min，活性炭填充量25g／L，电极板间距4cm，废水初始pH值6～7，电解质的投加量0．8g／L。此条件下废水的硝基苯去除率达到80％以上，COD去除率达到50％以上，显示出良好的处理效果。     

THE INFLUENCE OF (x,y) UNCERTAINTY ON PREDICTION ERROR AND CONTOUR LINES FROM A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE1

ABSTRACT: In geohydrology, three-dimensional surfaces are typically represented as a series of contours. Water levels, saturated thickness, precipitation, and geological formation boundaries are a few examples of this practice. These surfaces start as point measurements that are then analyzed to interpolate between the known point measurements. This first step typically creates a raster or a set of grid points. In modeling, subsequent processing uses these to represent the shape of a surface. For display, they are usually converted to contour lines. Unfortunately, in many field applications, the (x, y) location on the earth's surface is much less confidently known than the data in the z dimension. To test the influence of (x, y) locational accuracy on z dimension point predictions and their resulting contours, a Monte Carlo study was performed on water level data from northwestern Kansas. Four levels of (x, y) uncertainty were tested ranging in accuracy from one arc degree-minute (± 2384 feet in the x dimension and ± 3036 feet in the y dimension) to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) accuracy (± 20 feet for relatively low cost systems). These span the range of common levels of locational uncertainty in data available to hydrologists in the United States. This work examines the influence that locational uncertainty can have on both point predictions and contour lines. Results indicate that overall mean error exhibits a small sensitivity to locational uncertainty. However, measures of spread and maximum errors in the z domain are greatly affected. In practical application, this implies that estimates over large regions should be asymptotically consistent. However, local errors in z can be quite large and increase with (x, y) uncertainty.     

A terrain-based paired-site sampling design to assess biodiversity losses from eastern hemlock decline

Biodiversity surveys are often hampered by the inability tocontrol extraneous sources of variability introduced intocomparisons of populations across a heterogenous landscape. If not specifically accounted for a priori, this noisecan weaken comparisons between sites, and can make itdifficult to draw inferences about specific ecologicalprocesses. We developed a terrain-based, paired-sitesampling design to analyze differences in aquaticbiodiversity between streams draining eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests, and those draining mixedhardwood forests in Delaware Water Gap National RecreationArea (USA). The goal of this design was to minimize variancedue to terrain influences on stream communities, whilerepresenting the range of hemlock dominated streamenvironments present in the park. We used geographicinformation systems (GIS) and cluster analysis to define andpartition hemlock dominated streams into terrain types basedon topographic variables and stream order. We computedsimilarity of forest stands within terrain types and usedthis information to pair hemlock-dominated streams withhardwood counterparts prior to sampling. We evaluated theeffectiveness of the design through power analysis and foundthat power to detect differences in aquatic invertebratetaxa richness was highest when sites were paired and terraintype was included as a factor in the analysis. Precision ofthe estimated difference in mean richness was nearly doubledusing the terrain-based, paired site design in comparison toother evaluated designs. Use of this method allowed us tosample stream communities representative of park-wide forestconditions while effectively controlling for landscapevariability.     

苏胶地体北缘变质构造岩的磁性组构特征

本文介绍了磁性组构的概念和常用的参数,并总结了苏胶地体北缘五个地区20块变质构造岩样品的岩石磁性组构测试分析结果:岩石磁化率各向异性度受不同的因素所控制,变质构造岩的磁各向异性与变质作用过程中的可塑性形变和变质重结晶作用具有相关联系.最大磁化率主轴平行于岩石线理,最小磁化率主轴垂直于岩石面理.同时证明了磁化率各向异性技术作为一种岩石组构因素的研究是有发展前景的,尤其是在应用于缺少常规应变分析标志的地区,更能显示这种方法的优越性.     

Prenatal sonographic appearance of Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome: two- and three-dimensional ultrasonographic findings

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome is characterized by craniofacial anomalies, particularly craniosynostosis, ear defects, cutis gyrata, acanthosis nigricans, anogenit anomalies, skin tags, and prominent umbilical stump. The prenatal two- and three-dimensional ultrasonographic findings of this rare condition is reported. The detection was made at 32 weeks of gestation in a woman with polyhydramnios and fetal head anomaly. The ultrasound appearance and postnatal follow‒up are presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

三维原子场全息作用矢量用于芳香类化合物的三维QSAR研究

采用新型的的三维原子场全息作用矢量(3D-HoVAIF)研究了200种芳香化合物的化学结构与其生物毒性的定量构效关系(QSAR).首先对芳香化合物进行了结构参数化表达,然后采用逐步回归(SMR)对变量进行筛选,建立了三维定量构效关系模型.其87个无氢键分子的模型和113个有氢键分子的模型的复相关系数和标准偏差分别为R2=0.801,SD=0.473和R2=0.929,SD=0.318.模型具有良好的稳定性和预测能力,证明了该三维原子场全息作用矢量在分子结构表征和生物毒性预测上的适用性.     

管理措施对黄土高原油松人工林土壤水溶性碳氮及其三维荧光特征的影响

为研究不同管理措施(凋落物去除、油松幼林、灌木和草地)下土壤水溶性碳、氮含量的变化以及土壤溶解性有机质(SDOM)的组分,选取黄土高原油松人工林为研究对象,以未皆伐油松人工林作为对照,对土壤水溶性碳、氮以及SDOM荧光组分等相关重要特征量进行研究分析.结果表明,灌木和油松幼林的土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于其他管理措施,并且土壤水溶性有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤水溶性有机碳/土壤有机碳(WSOC/SOC)值随深度增加呈上升趋势;土壤水溶性氮含量的变化和水溶性碳的变化趋势一致,油松幼林土壤水溶性氮组分含量高于其他管理措施,总体上随深度的增加而降低.不同管理措施对SDOM组分影响显著,基于三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)分析可知SDOM有4种组分,主要分为类腐殖质、类蛋白和可溶性微生物代谢产物三大类,其中SDOM的主要成分为富里酸类腐殖质,油松幼林土壤中富里酸含量最高.本研究表明,管理措施对土壤水溶性碳氮含量变化和SDOM组分具有一定的影响,特别是油松幼林和灌木影响较大.两种管理措施提高了土壤水溶性有机碳以及水溶性氮组分的含量,增强其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,同时改变土壤有机物的结构组成,加深腐殖化程度,进一步改善土壤质量.